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Climate predictions are of substantial benefit in many parts of the world in risk management and adaptation to the impacts of climate variability and change. General Circulation Models (GCM) can be formidable tools to predict the climate of a region. Pakistan Meteorological Department issues monthly and seasonal forecast product during the last week of each month. The following models (Institutions along with modeling system) are adopted for multi-model ensemble seasonal prediction.
| Institute / Model |
No. of ensembles |
Hindcast data |
| APCC_SCoPS |
10 |
1982-2013 |
| BCC_CSM1.1M |
12 |
1991-2015 |
| BOM_ACCESS-S2 |
11 |
1990-2012 |
| CMCC_SPS3.5 |
50 |
1992-2017 |
| CWB_TCWB1Tv1.1 |
30 |
1982-2019 |
| HMC_SL-AV |
20 |
1985-2010 |
| KMA_GLOSEA5GC2 |
42 |
1991-2016 |
| METFR_SYS8 |
51 |
1991-2016 |
| MGO_MGOAM-2 |
10 |
1979-2004 |
| NCEP_CFSv2 |
20 |
1982-2010 |
| PNU_CGCMv2 |
35 |
1980-2020 |
| UKMO_GLOSEA5 |
42 |
1991-2016 |
| ECCC_CANSIPSv2.1 |
20 |
1980-2020 |
These models are further shortlisted each time on the basis of their skill score for the region Pakistan. Numerical resolution is shifted to one degree horizontal resolution for all the models.
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